The relocation, later known as the Trail of Tears, killed thousands. Between 18, those groups had been forcibly removed from their ancestral lands in the Southeast and marched hundreds of miles west by the U.S. Ancestral home to tribal nations including Osage, Quapaw, Seneca and Shawnee, it had also become the mandated home for the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole nations (known as the Five Civilized Tribes). When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Indian Territory encompassed most of the area now occupied by the state of Oklahoma. An Old Feud ‘Burst Forth in All Its Fury’ government had relocated them to decades earlier, creating a new wave of impoverished refugees. Instead, it aggravated longstanding internal tribal tensions and ravaged territory the U.S. But the war did little to advance their own needs and interests. Native American soldiers went to battle for a variety of reasons: to support or fight slavery, to defend tribal sovereignty and to protect family and community.
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